Business Economics Assignment 3 Questions 2025

Assignment 3 – Answer ALL Questions (100 Marks).

Question 1

Case Study: The Impact of Price Controls on the Pharmaceutical Market in India In 2013, the Indian government introduced price controls on many essential medicines in an effort to address the high cost of healthcare. The National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA) was tasked with regulating the maximum retail price (MRP) of medicines, focusing on life-saving drugs. The policy aimed to make healthcare more affordable for India’s population, particularly for low-income individuals and those living in rural areas where access to medicines is limited.

However, the implementation of these price controls led to unintended consequences for both consumers and the pharmaceutical industry. Although the controls helped lower drug prices, particularly for common and essential medicines, they also caused supply shortages. Many pharmaceutical companies found that producing drugs at the regulated prices was no longer
profitable, and they began cutting back on production or even ceasing the manufacturing of some products. This was especially true for medicines that required significant investment in production or R&D, which pharmaceutical companies were now unwilling to make due to the price caps.

Furthermore, pharmaceutical companies also reduced their investment in research and development (R&D) for new treatments, as the lower prices hindered their ability to fund innovation. The price controls also led to increased informality in the market, with some companies opting to operate in the black market to charge higher prices for critical drugs, while others sought out loopholes in government regulations.

The debate around price controls canters on the trade-off between affordability and market efficiency. While price controls have helped make healthcare more accessible to a wider portion of India’s population, they have also led to market inefficiency, limited access to some medications, and a decline in long-term pharmaceutical innovation.

Questions 1 (A)

Analyse the economic effects of government-imposed price controls on the pharmaceutical market in India. Explain the impact of price ceilings on market equilibrium. Use demand and supply curves to illustrate how the ceiling price leads to a shortage of supply. Discuss how these price controls lead to market inefficiency and affect both the availability and quality of essential medicines.

Question 1 (B)

Evaluate the trade-offs involved in implementing price controls in the pharmaceutical market. Assess the benefits of making essential medicines affordable for low-income populations, versus the costs associated with reducing pharmaceutical companies’ investment in innovation. Discuss
whether price controls are an effective solution or if the long-term effects on market efficiency and supply outweigh the short-term benefits.

Question 1 (C)

Propose alternative policies the Indian government could use to ensure affordable healthcare while maintaining incentives for pharmaceutical companies to innovate and invest in R&D. Suggest policy measures such as subsidies for low-income groups, tax incentives, or marketbased solutions (e.g., competitive pricing or price negotiations). Evaluate how these policies can improve access to medicines without discouraging pharmaceutical innovation and R&D.

Question 2

Case Study: Monopoly Power In The Airline Industry – The Case Of Lufthansa

Lufthansa, Germany’s largest airline, operates in the European airline market, where it holds a dominant position. Through strategic mergers, acquisitions, and alliances with other international carriers, Lufthansa has consolidated its position as a major player in the industry. The airline’s market power has been bolstered by its economies of scale and network effects, where the more routes it operates, the more attractive it becomes for both consumers and businesses. Lufthansa  controls a substantial share of the premium segment of air travel in Europe, and its dominance has raised concerns about the implications for competition and consumer choice.

Although Lufthansa faces competition from other major carriers, such as Air France-KLM and British Airways, it has been able to maintain a stronghold on several key European routes. The barriers to entry in the airline industry—such as the high capital costs of operating aircraft, limited landing slots at major airports, and the regulatory hurdles—make it difficult for new players to enter the market. As a result, Lufthansa has enjoyed monopoly power on certain routes, allowing it to charge higher prices than would be possible in a competitive market.

The European competition authorities (specifically the European Commission) have investigated Lufthansa on several occasions for potential anti- ompetitive behavior, including price-fixing and collusion with other major airlines in the Star Alliance. These concerns stem from the fact that Lufthansa’s dominant position could reduce consumer welfare by increasing ticket prices and limiting consumer choice, particularly on routes where the airline faces limited competition.

Lufthansa’s pricing strategy has resulted in higher fares for consumers, especially on domestic routes where there is little competition. Moreover, some industry observers have argued that Lufthansa has used its market power to undermine the emergence of low-cost carriers (e.g., Ryanair and EasyJet) on key routes, using price strategies that make it difficult for these
competitors to thrive.

Questions 2 (A)

Analyse the market structure of the European airline industry, using Lufthansa as an example of monopoly power. Begin by discussing the characteristics of monopoly and oligopoly in the  airline industry. Compare it to a perfectly competitive market and explain why the airline market is closer to an oligopoly. Using graphs, illustrate the monopolist’s price-setting behaviour, showing the marginal revenue (MR) and marginal cost (MC) curves. Discuss the deadweight loss caused by monopolistic pricing and its effect on consumer welfare.

Questions 2 (B)

Discuss the effects of monopoly pricing on consumer welfare in the airline industry. Using the example of Lufthansa, explain how monopolistic pricing leads to higher ticket prices and reduced consumer surplus. How do barriers to entry in the airline industry prevent new competitors from entering the market? Discuss the implications of high barriers and price-fixing on market
competition and consumer choice.

Questions 2 (C)

Evaluate the role of government regulation in the airline industry to curb monopolistic behaviour. Should the European Commission intervene and implement stronger anti-trust regulations or price controls to reduce Lufthansa’s market power? Discuss the potential benefits and drawbacks of such regulatory actions. Should the focus be on promoting competition, or should the government ensure that major players like Lufthansa remain profitable? Explore alternative policies, such as market liberalization, to foster competition without discouraging the stability and profitability of large carriers.